HEALTH CARE COSTS OF FORMULA-FEEDING IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

From the Department of Pediatrics and Steele Memorial Chi(EmptyReference!)Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

OBJECTIVE. To determine the excess cost of health care services for three illnesses in formula-fed infants in the first year of life, after adjusting for potential confounders.

METHODS. Frequency of health service utilization for three illnesses (lower respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and gastrointestinal illness) in the first year of life was assessed in relation to duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study (n = 944) and the Dundee Community Study (Scottish study, n = 644). Infants in both studies were healthy at birth and represented nonselected, population-based samples. Children were classified as never breastfed, partially breastfed, or exclusively breastfed, based on their feeding status during the first 3 months of life. Frequency of office visits and hospitalizations for the three illnesses was adjusted for maternal education and maternal smoking, using analysis of variance. Cost estimates, from the perspective of the health care provider/payer, were based on the direct medical costs during 1995 within a large managed care health care system.

RESULTS. In the first year of life, after adjusting for confounders, there were 2033 excess office visits, 212 excess days of hospitalization, and 609 excess prescriptions for these three illnesses per 1000 never-breastfed infants compared with 1000 infants exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months. These additional health care services cost the managed care health system between $331 and $475 per neverbreastfed infant during the first year of life.

CONCLUSIONS. In addition to having more illnesses, formula-fed infants cost the health care system money. Health care plans will likely realize substantial savings, as well as providing improved care, by

UNITED KINGDOM
Bottle baby diarrhoeal disease is estimated to cost $41.5 million per year in hospital costs alone.

AUSTRALIA
An increase in exclusive breastfeeding, from 60 percent to 8opercent of babies at three months old, measured by its effects on only four illnesses: otitis media, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM, gastrointestinal illnesses and eczema, would save an estimated $11.5 million per year.

NORWAY
In 1992, 8.2 million kg of breastmilk was produced. This natural resource, valued at $50 per litre by Norwegian hospitals, was worth $400 million.

SINGAPORE
An additional $1.8 million was required to pay for breastmilk substitutes, when the breastfeeding prevalence, at three months, fell from 71 percent to 42 percent.

USA
Six months of exclusive breastfeeding was estimated to save $450 to $800 per family in welfare and health care costs. The treatment of additional cases of infant diarrhea due to not breastfeeding, costs $291 million a year; IDDM costs $10 to $125 million, and otitis media costs $660 million.

WABA World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action Box 1200, Penang, Malaysia
email: secr@waba.po.my